2022-01-19 
271Public finance is the foundation and an important pillar of state governance, and accounting for government and non-profit organizations is a fundamental task of fiscal management. The "Outline of the 14th Five‑Year Plan for Accounting Reform and Development" (hereinafter referred to as the "Outline") closely focuses on the central work of public finance and the needs of economic and social development, and from the overall perspective of accounting reform and development, it sets forth the overall objectives and main tasks for government and non‑profit organization accounting reform during the 14th Five‑Year Plan period. It points the way for the reform in the new stage and serves as the action plan for the construction of government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems in the coming period.
I. Fruitful achievements in government and non‑profit organization accounting reform during the 13th Five‑Year Plan period
During the 13th Five‑Year Plan period, the Ministry of Finance, in accordance with the decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, based on China's national conditions, adhered to a problem‑oriented approach, and promoted government accounting reform in a positive, prudent, and orderly manner. It basically established a government accounting standards and systems framework with Chinese characteristics and promoted its comprehensive and effective implementation. At the same time, it continuously improved accounting standards for non‑profit organizations and funds (capital), successfully completed the tasks set out in the "13th Five‑Year Plan for Accounting Reform and Development", and achieved positive results in serving the central work of public finance and promoting the healthy development of the economy and society.
(1) The government accounting standards and systems framework was basically established.
In accordance with the requirements of the "Plan for the Reform of the Accrual‑based Government Comprehensive Financial Reporting System" approved by the State Council and forwarded by the Ministry of Finance, on the basis of the "Government Accounting Standards – Basic Standards" issued in 2015, we successively issued 10 specific standards and 2 application guidelines for specific standards, covering inventories, investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, public infrastructure, government reserve materials, liabilities, accounting adjustments, preparation and presentation of financial statements, and government和社会资本合作 project contracts. We also issued one unified "Government Accounting System – Accounting Subjects and Statements for Administrative Institutions" (hereinafter referred to as the "Government Accounting System") applicable to all administrative institutions, 7 supplementary provisions for industry‑specific institutions to implement the Government Accounting System, 11 transitional provisions for the new and old accounting systems, 3 interpretations of government accounting standards and systems, and basic guidelines for cost accounting in public institutions. This established a government accounting model that appropriately separates yet interconnects government budget accounting and financial accounting, and basically established a government accounting standards and systems framework with Chinese characteristics that adapts to China's modern fiscal system. In addition, we actively participated in the development of international public sector accounting standards, continuously enhancing China's voice and influence in the formulation of international public sector accounting standards.
(2) The government accounting standards and systems were fully implemented and achieved positive results.
The government accounting standards and systems have been fully implemented in all types of administrative institutions across the country since January 1, 2019. The implementation has been generally orderly, stable, and smooth, and has achieved positive results: first, more accurate reflection of budget execution, improving the quality of departmental final accounts; second, more comprehensive reflection of the government's financial position, laying a accounting foundation for the preparation of government financial reports; third, further clarifying the government's assets and liabilities "at the bottom", consolidating the basis for the preparation of administrative institution state‑owned assets reports; fourth, accurately reflecting cost and expense information, providing support for budget units to promote cost accounting and improve performance management; fifth, significantly improving the professional quality of accounting personnel in administrative institutions, promoting the improvement of unit financial management.
In this process, the Ministry of Finance adopted multiple measures, including issuing implementation notices, organizing publicity and training, and conducting joint research with departments, to promote the implementation of government accounting standards and systems. At the same time, it established and improved the government accounting standards committee advisory expert mechanism and the working contact point mechanism to promote high‑quality implementation of the standards and systems.
(3) Accounting standards for non‑profit organizations and funds (capital) were further improved.
To promote the healthy development of social organizations, we formulated and issued the "Interpretation of Several Issues concerning the Accounting System for Non‑governmental Non‑profit Organizations", further clarifying the accounting treatment of relevant economic transactions or events of non‑governmental non‑profit organizations. In line with the needs of China's social security system development, we revised and issued the "Accounting System for Social Insurance Funds", providing a institutional basis for more accurate and complete recording of "people's livelihood accounts". We formulated and issued the "Accounting Measures for Special Maintenance Funds for Residential Buildings", further standardising the accounting for maintenance funds and promoting their standardised management and safe and effective use. We reviewed and approved the "Accounting Measures for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Organising Committee" to regulate the accounting of the Beijing Winter Olympics Organising Committee. We conducted in‑depth research on the implementation of trade union accounting, land reserve fund accounting, and occupational pension fund accounting, laying the foundation for revising and improving relevant accounting standards.
II. The situation and challenges facing government and non‑profit organization accounting reform during the 14th Five‑Year Plan period
Government and non‑profit organization accounting is an important part of China's accounting system. Establishing, improving, and effectively implementing government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems is an important part of China's accounting standards development and implementation. During the 13th Five‑Year Plan period, government and non‑profit organization accounting reform made positive progress. However, with the continuous deepening of the national fiscal and tax system reform and the continuous development of the economy and society, government and non‑profit organization accounting reform faces more opportunities and challenges.
(1) The reform of the fiscal and tax system continues to deepen, and the construction and implementation of the government accounting standards and systems need to be further strengthened.
First, the reform of the budget management system requires the government accounting reform to continue to deepen. At the beginning of 2021, the State Council issued the "Opinions on Further Deepening the Reform of the Budget Management System", putting forward requirements to further deepen the reform of the budget management system and better leverage the fundamental and important supporting role of public finance in state governance. The Opinions point out that it is necessary to "promote budget units to deepen government accounting reform, comprehensively and effectively implement the government accounting standards system, and improve the accrual‑based accounting foundation". This requires further improving the government accounting standards and systems, solidly promoting their comprehensive and effective implementation, and better laying the foundation for deepening the reform of the budget management system and promoting the accrual‑based government comprehensive financial reporting system.
Second, deepening state‑owned asset management puts higher demands on strengthening government asset accounting. In recent years, with the deepening of state‑owned asset reporting work and the introduction of laws and regulations such as the "Regulations on the Administration of State‑owned Assets in Administrative Institutions", higher requirements have been placed on accurately accounting for and fully reflecting the "bottom line" information of government assets. This requires further promoting the accounting for public infrastructure such as transportation, water conservancy, and municipal facilities, ensuring that both incremental and existing public infrastructure assets are "fully accounted for". It also requires in‑depth research on the measurement and valuation of natural resource assets, cultural relics and cultural assets, and other assets traditionally counted only in physical terms, and the timely introduction of relevant accounting standards to regulate their accounting treatment, so as to provide support for further strengthening the management of state‑owned assets in administrative institutions, and continuously consolidate the basis for the preparation of government financial reports and state‑owned asset reports.
Third, the comprehensive implementation of budget performance management puts new demands on government cost accounting. In 2018, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the "Opinions on Comprehensively Implementing Budget Performance Management", proposing to strive to basically build a comprehensive, whole‑process, and full‑coverage budget performance management system within 3‑5 years. With the establishment and implementation of comprehensive budget performance management, the issue of government cost accounting urgently needs to be studied and resolved. At present, China has not yet established a complete set of government cost accounting guidance systems. It is necessary to actively study and promote government administrative cost accounting on the basis of the construction of the public institution cost accounting guidance system.
Fourth, financial and accounting supervision puts new demands on the construction and implementation of government accounting standards and systems. Accounting standards and systems are an important basis and criterion for financial and accounting supervision, and they are also a concrete manifestation of the Party's and the state's financial and economic discipline in the accounting field. Improving government accounting standards and systems and promoting their comprehensive and effective implementation is conducive to implementing the relevant requirements of financial and accounting supervision, accurately reflecting the implementation of fiscal and tax policies and the government's financial position, and providing institutional guarantees for better leveraging the effectiveness of financial and accounting supervision.
(2) The reform and development of social organizations continue to deepen, putting urgent demands on the reform of non‑profit organization accounting.
First, the "Accounting System for Non‑governmental Non‑profit Organizations" urgently needs to be revised. Since its implementation on January 1, 2005, the "Accounting System for Non‑governmental Non‑profit Organizations" (hereinafter referred to as the "NPO System") has played a positive role in regulating the accounting practices of non‑governmental non‑profit organizations and improving the quality of their accounting information. However, before the implementation of the NPO System, the number of social organizations in China was less than 290,000. By the end of 2020, the number of registered organizations had reached 894,000. As the number increased, the scale of non‑profit organizations has also been growing, and their business models have become more flexible and diverse. With the continuous growth and development of non‑profit organizations themselves, higher demands are placed on strengthening and improving accounting practices. In addition, with the introduction or revision of laws and regulations such as the "Civil Code of the People's Republic of China", the "Charity Law of the People's Republic of China", the "Law on the Promotion of Private Education of the People's Republic of China", the "Regulations on Religious Affairs", and the "Law on the Administration of Activities of Overseas Non‑governmental Organizations in the Mainland of China", the reform work in various non‑profit sectors has been continuously advancing, objectively requiring targeted adjustments to the NPO System to better coordinate with the relevant higher‑level laws and various reform measures.
Second, the "Accounting System for Trade Unions" urgently needs to be revised. The original "Accounting System for Trade Unions", since its issuance in 2009, has played an important role in strengthening trade union budget management, standardising trade union accounting, and improving the quality of trade union accounting information. With the development of China's trade union undertakings, the financial management system of trade unions has undergone significant changes. A number of systems and measures have been revised or formulated concerning the management of trade union revenue and expenditure, trade union budget and final accounts, etc. The original system can no longer meet the new requirements of trade union accounting. In addition, in terms of trade union organisations, there are significant differences in business types and financial management requirements among trade union organisations at different levels. Financial departments, higher‑level trade unions, trade union chairpersons, and trade union members also have different information needs, which requires a comprehensive revision of the "Accounting System for Trade Unions" to adapt to the development of trade union organisations and the needs of accounting information from all parties.
(3) The reform and development of the social security system and related social undertakings impose higher requirements on the quality of accounting information for funds (capital).
First, in terms of pension insurance system reform, China has established and implemented an occupational pension system for employees of government agencies and public institutions. In recent years, the relevant management policies for occupational pension funds have been continuously improved, the scale of funds has grown rapidly, and funds have been fully entrusted for operation. The original "Accounting System for Social Insurance Funds" can no longer fully meet the needs of occupational pension fund accounting, and there is an urgent need to make targeted adjustments to the relevant accounting treatment provisions.
Second, in terms of medical insurance system reform, the "14th Five‑Year Plan for National Medical Security" issued by the General Office of the State Council clearly states that during the 14th Five‑Year Plan period, we will continue to improve the multi‑level medical security system with basic medical insurance as the main body, medical assistance as the safety net, and complementary medical insurance, commercial health insurance, charitable donations, and medical mutual assistance developing together. At the same time, laws and regulations on medical security are also being continuously improved, and the "Medical Security Law (Draft for Comments)" has been publicly solicited for opinions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to follow the progress of medical security system reform and revise or supplement the "Accounting System for Social Insurance Funds" in a timely manner.
Third, with the reform of land reserve, housing provident fund, social assistance fund for road traffic accidents, and other related management policy adjustments and improvements, it is necessary to revise and improve the "Accounting Measures for Land Reserve Funds (Trial)" and the "Accounting Measures for Housing Provident Funds" in a timely manner, and formulate accounting measures for the social assistance fund for road traffic accidents, in order to meet the needs of the reform and development of related social undertakings.
III. Key tasks and specific measures for government and non‑profit organization accounting reform during the 14th Five‑Year Plan period
On the basis of summarising achievements and analysing the situation, the "Outline" puts forward the objectives and tasks for continuing to deepen government and non‑profit organization accounting reform. It specifies the main measures for the construction of the government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems during the 14th Five‑Year Plan period, including improving the government accounting standards and systems and promoting their comprehensive and effective implementation, revising and improving non‑profit organization accounting systems, and further establishing and improving fund (capital) accounting standards.
(1) Continue to improve the government accounting standards and systems and promote their comprehensive and effective implementation.
1. Comprehensively and systematically review the government accounting standards and systems and establish a system maintenance mechanism. Based on the current situation, with a long‑term perspective, adhering to problem‑oriented and systematic thinking, we will comprehensively review all existing government accounting standards, promptly eliminate standards that have substantially expired or are no longer applicable, establish the overall framework of the government accounting standards and systems and the maintenance mechanisms for various accounting standards, and form a complete closed loop of "construction‑implementation‑revision" to ensure that all standards are complete, coordinated, clearly functional, and clearly positioned. Within the framework of the standards and systems, we will continuously improve various accounting standards.
2. Research and formulate specific government accounting standards. On the basis of China's national conditions and drawing on international public sector accounting standards, and in light of the provisions and reform needs of relevant state departments on the management of natural resource assets and cultural relics and cultural assets, we will conduct in‑depth research on the recognition, measurement, and reporting of natural resource assets and cultural relics and cultural assets, and promptly introduce relevant specific accounting standards, further standardise accounting subjects and accounting treatments, properly handle the convergence between new and old accounting policies for existing assets, and actively promote the recording and accounting of natural resource assets and cultural relics and cultural assets. We will further study the classification of government revenue in financial accounting, as well as the recognition and measurement of various revenues under the accrual basis, and promptly formulate and issue government revenue accounting standards. According to reform needs, we will formulate or revise other specific government accounting standards.
3. Research and formulate specific guidelines for cost accounting in administrative institutions. On the basis of the "Basic Guidelines for Cost Accounting in Public Institutions", we will research and formulate specific guidelines for cost accounting in industries such as public hospitals, higher education institutions, and scientific research institutions, and make specific provisions on cost accounting objects, cost items, cost scope, cost collection and allocation methods, and cost report content in relevant industries, so as to improve the guidance and operability of the cost accounting guidelines. Together with relevant industry authorities, we will solidly promote cost accounting in public institutions, and encourage all parties to strengthen the analysis and application of unit cost accounting information. At the same time, we will actively explore and study issues related to cost accounting in administrative units, laying the foundation for accurately calculating government operational expenses and comprehensively reflecting administrative costs.
4. Do a good job in the interpretation and consultation of government accounting standards and systems. The interpretation of government accounting standards and systems is a necessary measure to promptly respond to and resolve issues related to the implementation of government accounting standards and systems, and to improve the government accounting standards and systems. At least one interpretation will be issued each year as needed. When formulating interpretations, it is necessary to extensively collect and collate issues arising from the implementation of government accounting standards and systems through various channels, and after analysis and research, to make specific provisions promptly on issues that affect a wide range of areas and are not yet clarified by existing standards, to ensure the smooth and effective implementation of government accounting standards and systems. For other issues not covered by the interpretations, a consultation question bank will be established and clarified in a timely manner through the "Implementation Q&A" section on the Ministry of Finance's website. At the same time, we will actively respond to daily telephone and online consultation questions.
5. Solidly promote the recording of public infrastructure in the accounts. In response to the practical difficulty of recording existing public infrastructure, on the basis of in‑depth investigation and research, and in accordance with the provisions of "Government Accounting Standard No. 5 – Public Infrastructure" and other relevant government accounting standards and systems, we will, together with relevant industry authorities, research and formulate notices on further strengthening government accounting for water conservancy infrastructure, municipal infrastructure, and other public infrastructure, further clarifying the scope of accounting, accounting entities, asset classification and detailed accounting, and the initial recording methods for existing assets, so as to actively promote the full recording of public infrastructure such as transportation, water conservancy, and municipal facilities during the 14th Five‑Year Plan period.
6. Continuously promote the comprehensive and effective implementation of government accounting standards and systems. On the basis of summarising the experience of implementing government accounting standards and systems, we will further strengthen the publicity, training, and practical guidance for the standards and systems, focusing on solving problems such as untimely learning, deviations in understanding, and non‑standardised operations by accounting personnel, so as to effectively improve the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the implementation of government accounting standards and systems. First, strengthen training. Set up annual training plans, expand the scope of training through online training, and actively support financial departments at all levels and relevant industry authorities in carrying out training on government accounting standards and systems. Second, strengthen publicity. Timely interpret new standards and systems in the form of Q&A sessions with responsible officials of the Accounting Department, to deepen accounting personnel's understanding of the standards; summarise and refine typical cases and advanced experiences in the implementation of government accounting standards and systems, and publicise them through media such as the official website of the Accounting Department, newspapers, and magazines, to provide references for departments and units to strengthen government accounting work. Third, strengthen research. Through written surveys and field research, timely understand the issues arising during the implementation of the standards and systems, and promptly issue relevant application cases and implementation Q&A according to practical needs, setting specific business scenarios to help accounting personnel correctly understand and use the accounting standards and systems. Fourth, strengthen guidance. For special industries where the implementation of government accounting standards and systems is affected by institutional and mechanistic issues, provide targeted guidance together with relevant industry authorities; for implementation issues at the county level and below, actively guide local financial departments to help grassroots units implement the standards and systems through means such as integrated budget management.
7. Improve the mechanisms for the construction and implementation of government accounting standards and systems. First, adjust the composition of the Government Accounting Standards Committee as needed, issue briefing materials in a timely manner, and continue to give play to the coordinating role of the Committee in the construction and implementation of standards and systems. Second, do a good job in the selection, daily management, and evaluation of advisory experts for the Government Accounting Standards Committee, improve working mechanisms, and fully leverage the "think tank" role of advisory experts. Third, adjust and enrich the contact points for the construction and implementation of government accounting standards and systems, strengthen research and interaction, and fully leverage the radiating and leading role of the contact points. Fourth, establish a departmental communication and coordination mechanism for the construction and implementation of government accounting standards and systems, and jointly promote the comprehensive and effective implementation of standards and systems in various departments and industries. Fifth, strengthen communication and contact with local accounting management institutions, and actively guide localities to implement the standards and systems well. Through the above measures, we will form a mechanism for the construction and implementation of government accounting standards and systems featuring close departmental collaboration, vertical linkage between central and local finance, integration of units at different levels, and extensive social participation.
(2) Adapt to the needs of reform and development of non‑profit organizations, revise and improve non‑profit organization accounting systems.
1. Revise the "Accounting System for Non‑governmental Non‑profit Organizations". On the basis of fully sorting out the requirements of relevant laws and regulations, listening to the opinions and suggestions of relevant competent authorities and various types of non‑governmental non‑profit organizations, and drawing on international advanced experience, we will steadily and orderly advance the revision and implementation of the NPO System. In 2021, we will organise a symposium on the revision of the NPO System, establish a working team including competent authorities, non‑governmental non‑profit organizations, intermediary agencies, and research institutions, and officially launch the revision work. In 2022, we will fully carry out investigation and research, through organising research projects, extensive field research, and meetings, to fully understand the implementation of the system and accounting needs, and study and form a draft for comments on the revision of the NPO System. In 2023, we will publicly solicit opinions on the draft for comments, revise and improve it based on feedback, and then revise and issue the NPO System, supporting it with transitional provisions for the convergence of old and new systems, and carry out publicity, training, and policy interpretation. In 2024, together with relevant competent authorities, we will do a good job in implementing the revised NPO System and promptly respond to issues arising during implementation.
2. Revise the "Accounting System for Trade Unions". In line with the requirements of the reform of the trade union financial management system, the current status of trade union accounting practice, and the needs of accounting information users, together with the All‑China Federation of Trade Unions, we will extensively conduct research and discussions with trade union organisations at all levels, determine the direction and specific plan for revising the "Accounting System for Trade Unions", and, on the basis of extensive consultation with all parties, revise and issue the "Accounting System for Trade Unions". Formulate and issue transitional provisions for the convergence of the old and new trade union accounting systems, select some trade unions to conduct simulation tests for the transition, to ensure smooth and stable transition. Together with the All‑China Federation of Trade Unions, we will issue a notice on implementing the "Accounting System for Trade Unions" to guide trade unions at all levels to solidly prepare for the implementation of the new system. Strengthen policy interpretation and publicity training for the new system, actively guide training organised by financial departments and trade union organisations at all levels, so that trade union financial and accounting officers at all levels can quickly become familiar with and master the new system. Continuously track the implementation of the "Accounting System for Trade Unions" and promptly study and respond to issues identified during implementation.
(3) Further establish and improve fund (capital) accounting standards to meet the needs of reform and development.
1. Formulate provisions on accounting treatment for business related to occupational pension funds of government agencies and public institutions. In light of the relevant management policies and regulations on occupational pension funds, and on the basis of investigating and understanding the current status and issues of accounting, we will formulate and issue the "Provisions on Accounting Treatment for Business Related to Occupational Pension Funds of Government Agencies and Public Institutions", and simultaneously do a good job of policy interpretation. Together with the human resources and social security departments, we will strengthen publicity and training to ensure the orderly transition between old and new systems and promote the effective implementation of the provisions. Continuously track the implementation of the provisions and promptly study and respond to issues discovered during implementation.
2. In a timely manner, research and revise or formulate relevant fund (capital) accounting measures. In line with the needs of medical security system reform, we will promptly revise or supplement the "Accounting System for Social Insurance Funds" to further clarify the accounting treatment provisions for new insurance types and new businesses. In line with the needs of reform in land reserve, housing provident fund, social assistance fund for road traffic accidents, etc., and in combination with relevant financial and asset management regulations, we will revise and improve the "Accounting Measures for Land Reserve Funds (Trial)" and the "Accounting Measures for Housing Provident Funds" in a timely manner, and formulate accounting measures for the social assistance fund for road traffic accidents. On the basis of comprehensively reviewing the current fund (capital) accounting standards, we will research and explore the establishment of a unified fund accounting standards system in China.
IV. Close coordination to ensure the effective implementation of all tasks during the 14th Five‑Year Plan period
(1) Attach great importance and consolidate the main responsibility of governments and non‑profit organizations.
The heads of all types of administrative institutions and non‑profit organizations at all levels should conscientiously implement the provisions of the "Accounting Law of the People's Republic of China" that "the head of the unit shall be responsible for the authenticity and completeness of the accounting work and accounting materials of the unit", attach great importance to the accounting work of their units, and actively promote the comprehensive and effective implementation of standards and systems. Each unit should place the establishment of a high‑quality accounting personnel team in an important position, improve accounting institutions, strengthen accounting staffing, support and encourage accounting personnel to participate in training, keep up‑to‑date with, study and implement various government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems, and improve the professional competence of accounting personnel. It is also necessary to actively promote the integration of business and finance, strengthen the connection between accounting and budget management, final account management, asset management, government procurement, contract management, and payroll data, and promote accounting to provide information support for unit management. Information transmission channels should be kept open, and the accuracy and convenience of accounting personnel in collecting business activity information should be strengthened, providing data support for asset cost determination and unit cost accounting.
(2) Close cooperation, fully leveraging the coordinating role of industry authorities.
Relevant industry authorities should attach great importance to accounting work in their industry fields, strengthen communication and coordination with financial departments, and actively cooperate with financial departments in carrying out the promotion and implementation of standards and systems. They should explore diversified publicity and training models in combination with specific business scenarios in their industries, timely summarise and promote advanced experiences and practices within the industry, and help accounting personnel deeply understand the relevant provisions of government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems. They should strengthen investigation and research on the implementation of government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems in their departments (units) and fields, and for implementation issues discovered in their departments (units) and fields, provide timely responses or feedback to the Accounting Department of the Ministry of Finance for study, according to the type of issue, and jointly promote the construction of government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems.
(3) Vertical linkage, fully leveraging the driving role of local financial departments.
The implementation of accounting standards and systems cannot be achieved without the strong promotion of financial departments at all levels, especially accounting management institutions. Financial departments below the provincial level should take practical measures to widely publicise to all relevant sectors the importance of strengthening accounting work in accordance with the law and adhering to the nationally unified accounting system, and guide relevant sectors to attach importance to and support accounting work. Multiple measures should be taken to strengthen publicity and training, promptly explain the background, main content, etc., of the formulation of government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems, strengthen the training of teaching staff, and ensure that the implementation of standards and systems in their regions leaves no blind spots and does not deviate. Communication and coordination with relevant authorities and units at the same level should be strengthened, and plans and measures for implementing standards and systems in the industry should be proposed in light of local conditions through mechanisms such as liaison mechanisms and working groups, so as to form a joint force through coordinated management. Investigation and supervision should be increased, problems in the implementation of standards and systems in their regions should be promptly identified, and the guidance and supervision of units in implementing the nationally unified accounting system should be strengthened. Communication and contact with the Accounting Department of the Ministry of Finance should be strengthened, and the implementation of standards and systems and related issues should be reported in a timely manner. Local financial departments should strengthen experience exchange and sharing, exchange information, and jointly promote the comprehensive and effective implementation of accounting standards and systems.
(4) Social participation, creating a good atmosphere for the construction and implementation of accounting standards and systems.
The high‑quality construction and implementation of government and non‑profit organization accounting standards and systems cannot be achieved without the participation and support of all sectors of society. All sectors of society are encouraged to actively participate in the research, solicitation of opinions, simulation testing, implementation, and other stages of standards and systems, actively provide feedback on issues, and put forward policy suggestions. Experts, scholars, higher education institutions, or research institutions are encouraged to strengthen forward‑looking academic research, highlight problem orientation, and provide theoretical support and policy reserves for government and non‑profit organization accounting reform. All sectors of society are encouraged to strengthen the summary and sharing of practical experience and play a radiating and leading role. Various types of experts are encouraged to use their work platforms and various opportunities to publicise standards and systems and promote their effective implementation, creating a good atmosphere for their implementation.
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